![]() ![]() ![]() Although limited, the results demonstrate overlap between academics and policymakers on key nuclear concepts. Respondents are also confident that the nuclear taboo constrains countries from using nuclear weapons in a first strike, but the intensity varies by the country in question. Majorities express confidence that nuclear weapons are useful for deterrence, but are skeptical that a nuclear arsenal can translate into coercive foreign policy success. It finds that both groups hold relatively optimistic views on these key issues. This research note reports views on nuclear deterrence, coercion, and non-use norms from surveys of 320 current and former US national security officials and 1,303 US-based international relations scholars. ![]() The advantages and disadvantages of the three mechanisms are illustrated through three case studies, each exemplifying a specific strategy and level of peace that have resulted from the presence of certain conditions in the region: the Middle East (a transition to cold peace in the 1990s), South America (the evolution of normal peace across the twentieth century), and Western Europe (the emergence of warm peace since the 1950s). In effect, peacemaking strategies bring about the transition from war to peace only if certain conditions exist in the region. A distinction is made between the effects of different approaches to peacemaking and the conditions for their success. Accordingly, different peacemaking strategies produce different levels of peace based on their treatment of the state-to-nation problem. An argument is made that the underlying cause of regional war propensity is the extent of the state-to-nation imbalance in a region. It establishes linkages between different mechanisms that can lead to regional peace and the emergence of different levels of peace as well as presents three potential theoretical pathways to peace. A theoretical framework is proposed that is intended to integrate the regional and international perspectives on regional peace. First, what best accounts for the transition from war to peace in different regions at different times? Second, what is the best explanation for variations in the level of regional peace that exists in different regions in a particular time period? Consider the differences that exist today in the Middle Eastern, South American, and Western European regions. The objective of this essay is to address the following two puzzles. ![]()
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